Chronology of Abraham’s Descendants:
Defending the Book of Jubilees and the Third Methodology
Understanding the chronology of Abraham's descendants is crucial for grasping the broader narrative of biblical history. This blog delves into the intricate timeline of key events, offering a detailed examination that spans from the birth of Abraham to the Exodus. Using the Book of Jubilees as a foundational text, we explore its unique contribution to biblical chronology, providing precise dates and additional narratives that complement the canonical Bible.
The Book of Jubilees, often considered an extrabiblical text, presents a structured and systematic approach to history, dividing time into jubilees and weeks. Despite its non-canonical status in most Jewish and Christian traditions, it holds significant value for its historical accuracy, complementary insights, and theological depth. By defending the Book of Jubilees and the third methodology, we aim to highlight its relevance and reliability in understanding the timeline of Abraham's descendants.
Through cross-referencing with biblical texts and other ancient sources, we seek to validate the chronology presented in the Book of Jubilees. This blog also addresses the differences in interpretation between the Book of Jubilees and the canonical Bible, providing a comprehensive exploration of their implications for biblical history and theology. By examining key events such as the circumcision of Isaac, the Exodus, and the reigns of Solomon and Zerubbabel, we demonstrate the coherence and significance of the Jubilee cycles in biblical chronology.
Join us as we journey through the pivotal moments in the history of Abraham’s descendants, unveiling the profound connections and divine plans that shape the biblical narrative. Through this comprehensive approach, we defend the Book of Jubilees and its invaluable contribution to our understanding of sacred history.
15 And in the seventh year of this week [1914] (A Sabbath Year) she bore him a son, and he called his name Abram, by the name of the father of his mother; for he had died before his daughter had conceived a son.
16 And the child began to understand the errors of the earth that all went astray after graven images and after uncleanness, and his father taught him writing, and he was two weeks of years old, (14 years old in the Jubilee year
[1928]) and he separated himself from his father, that he might not worship idols with him.
23. And in the first year of the fifth week (age 15) in the year [1929] Abram taught those who made implements for oxen, the artificers in wood, and they made a vessel above the ground, facing the frame of the plow, in order to put the seed thereon, and the seed fell down there from upon the share of the plow, and was hidden in the earth, and they no longer feared the ravens.
1. And it came to pass in the sixth week, in the seventh year thereof, [1942] (Age 28 A Sabbath Year) that Abram said to Terah his father, saying, 'Father!'
Jubilees Chapter 12 40th Jubilee
9. And in the fortieth jubilee, in the second week, in the seventh year thereof, [1964] (A Sabbath) Abram took to himself a wife, and her name was Sarai, the daughter of his father, and she became his wife.
10. And Haran, his brother, took to himself a wife in the third year of the third week, [1967] and she bore him a son in the seventh year of this week, [1971]
12. And in the sixtieth year of the life of Abram, that is, in the fourth week, in the fourth year thereof, [1975] (Age 60) Abram arose by night, and burned the house of the idols, and he burned all that was in the house and no man knew it.
16. And in the sixth week, in the fifth year thereof, [1990](Age 76) Abram sat up throughout the night on the new month of the seventh month to observe the stars from the evening to the morning, in order to see what would be the character of the year with regard to the rains, and he was alone as he sat and observed.
28. And it came to pass in the seventh year of the sixth week [1992] ( Abraham Age 78) [A Sabbath year] that he spoke to his father and informed him that he would leave Haran to go into the land of Canaan to see it and return to him.
8 And it came to pass in the first year, in the seventh week, on the new month of the first month, [1993] that he built an altar on this mountain, and called on the NAME of YAHWEH: 'You, the eternal YAHWEH, are my Sovereign Ruler.'
Chapter 13 The 41st Jubilee
16 And it came to pass in the forty-first jubilee in the third year of the first week,[2003] (Abraham age 89) that he returned to this place and offered thereon a burnt sacrifice, and called on the NAME of YAHWEH, and said: 'You, the most high YAHWEH, are my Sovereign Ruler forever and ever.'
17 And in the fourth year of this week [2004] (Abram age 90) Lot parted from him, and Lot dwelt in Sodom, and the men of Sodom were sinners exceedingly.
14th Chapter 41st Jubilee
1 After these things, in the fourth year of this week, [2004] on the new month of the third month, the word of YAHWEH came to Abraham in a dream, saying: 'Fear not, Abram; I am your defender, and your reward will be exceedingly great.'
24 And he went in unto her, and she conceived and bore him a son, and he called his name Ishmael, in the fifth year of this week [2005] (Abraham age 91); and this was the eighty-sixth year in the life of Abram.
1. And in the fifth year of the fourth week of this jubilee, [2026] (Abraham’s age 112) in the third month, in the middle of the month, Abram celebrated the feast of the firstfruits of the grain harvest.
15 And in the sixth year of the fourth week [2027] (Abraham’s age 113) we came to Abraham, to the “Well of the Oath”, and we appeared unto him [as we had told Sarah that we should return to her, and she would have conceived a son.
Jubilees Chapter 17
In Jubilees 17, we find Abraham celebrating the weaning of his son Isaac with a great banquet. This event occurs in the first year of the fifth week, which is dated at 2029 A.M. (Anno Mundi - in the year of the world). Abraham is overjoyed to have seen his sons, Isaac and Ishmael, and he blesses YAHWEH for giving him descendants. However, Sarah becomes jealous of Ishmael when she sees him playing and dancing, and she asks Abraham to send away Hagar and Ishmael, which troubles Abraham.
1 And in the first year of the fifth week [2029] (Abraham’s age 115 Isaac’s age 15) Yitschaq was weaned in this jubilee, and Abraham made a great banquet in the third month, on the day his son Yitschaq was weaned.
15 And it came to pass in the seventh week, in the first year thereof, [2043] (Abrahams’s age 129-130) in the first month in this jubilee, on the twelfth of this month, there were voices in heaven regarding Abraham, that he was faithful in all that He told him, and that he loved YAHWEH, and that in every affliction he was faithful.
Jubilees Chapter 19
1st year, in the first week, in the 42nd Jubilee
In Jubilees 19, we learn of significant events in the lives of Abraham and his family. The chapter begins with Abraham's return to Hebron and the passing of his beloved wife, Sarah. Despite his grief, Abraham remains patient and faithful to YAHWEH, demonstrating his unwavering trust. He seeks a burial place for Sarah, eventually purchasing the land of the double cave in Hebron from the children of Heth. This chapter highlights Abraham's enduring faith and commitment to YAHWEH's promises. It also introduces the next generation of Abraham's family, including the birth of Yacob and Esau, setting the stage for the fulfillment of divine prophecies and blessings that will shape the destiny of his descendants.
1 And in the first year of the first week in the forty-second jubilee [2051], Abraham returned and dwelt opposite Hebron, that is Kirjath Arba, two weeks of years.
2 And in the first year of the third week of this jubilee [2065] (Abraham’s age 101) the days of the life of Sarah were accomplished, and she died in Hebron.
12. And in the sixth week, in the second year thereof, Rebecca bare to Yitschaq two sons, Yacob and Esau, [2087] and
13 Yacob was a smooth and upright man, and Esau was fierce, a man of the field, and hairy, and Yacob dwelt in tents.
Jubilees Chapter 20 The 42nd Jubilee
In Jubilees 20, set in the forty-second jubilee, Abraham gathers his descendants, including Ishmael and his twelve sons, Isaac and his two sons, and the six sons of Keturah and their offspring. He imparts to them the importance of following the ways of YAHWEH, emphasizing righteousness, love for one another, and just judgment. He commands them to circumcise their sons as part of the covenant, maintain purity, and avoid taking wives from the daughters of Canaan, as the seed of Canaan will be rooted out. Abraham shares lessons from the judgments of giants and Sodom, warning against fornication and uncleanness. He urges his sons to love YAHWEH, shun idols, and serve the Most High, so they may be blessed and become a blessing to the earth. This chapter also marks the dispersion of Ishmael and Keturah's descendants, who became known as Arabs and Ishmaelites, dwelling in the eastern lands.
1 And in the forty-second jubilee, in the first year of the seventh week, [2093] (Abraham’s age 179) Abraham called Ishmael and his twelve sons, and Yitschaq and his two sons, and the six sons of Keturah, and their sons.
Jubilees Chapter 21 The 43rd Jubilee
In Jubilees 21, we witness a pivotal moment as Abraham, in the twilight of his life, imparts crucial instructions and blessings to his son Yitschaq. With wisdom acquired over his 175 years, Abraham emphasizes his unwavering commitment to YAHWEH, urging Yitschaq to uphold righteousness and faithfulness. He outlines the proper procedures for offerings, highlighting the significance of salt, the choice of wood, and cleanliness. Abraham's teachings extend to the sanctity of blood, emphasizing its role in atonement. He cautions against accepting gifts for the shedding of blood, underlining the gravity of taking a life. Amidst a world tainted by sin, Abraham encourages Yitschaq to walk in the ways of the Most High YAHWEH, assuring that righteousness will prevail through their lineage. This chapter encapsulates a profound passing of the torch from Abraham to Yitschaq, ensuring the continuity of their covenant and faith in the generations to come.
1 And in the sixth year of the seventh week of this jubilee [2097] (Abraham’s age 183) Abraham called Yitschaq his son, and commanded him: saying, 'I am become old, and know not the day of my death, and am full of my days.
Jubilees Chapter 22
In Jubilees 22, we witness a poignant family gathering after the death of Abraham. Yitschaq and Ishmael, Abraham's sons, come together to celebrate the Feast of Weeks, a time of thanksgiving. This chapter reflects the importance of family and tradition, as Yitschaq offers sacrifices and Rebecca presents new grain cakes to continue the legacy of faith and gratitude. Abraham, in his old age, blesses his sons and imparts wisdom to Yacob, emphasizing the importance of righteousness and separation from idolatry. This chapter beautifully captures the passing of the torch from one generation to the next, highlighting the enduring faith and commitment of Abraham's family to the Almighty's divine plan.
1 And it came to pass in the first week in the forty-third jubilee, in the second year, [2102] (Abraham’s age 188) that is, the year in which Abraham died, that Yitschaq and Ishmael came from the “Well of the Oath” to celebrate “The Feast of Weeks” -that is, “The Feast of the First Fruits” of the harvest -to Abraham, their father, and Abraham rejoiced because his two sons had come.
Jubilees Chapter 24 The 43rd Jubilee
In this chapter, following the passing of Abraham, YAHWEH's blessings upon Yitschaq unfold amidst a backdrop of famine and familial conflicts. Yitschaq, now dwelling at the Well of the Vision, faces a severe famine that mirrors the hardships of his father's time. Yet, he enters into a pivotal exchange with his brother Esau, leading to the significant transfer of birthright. Yitschaq's journey leads him to Gerar, where divine promises of land and prosperity are renewed. This chapter elucidates the intricate narratives of Yitschaq's life, marked by struggles, blessings, and divine revelations. Amidst disputes over wells and rising tensions with the Philistines, Yitschaq's unwavering faith and trust in YAHWEH shine through. His actions and experiences resonate with themes of faith, inheritance, and divine providence, setting the stage for the unfolding saga of the patriarchs.
1 And it came to pass after the death of Abraham, that YAHWEH blessed Yitschaq his son, and he arose from Hebron and went and dwelt at the Well of the Vision in the first year of the third week [2115.] of this jubilee, seven years.
2 And in the first year of the fourth week [2122] a famine began in the land, besides the first famine, which had been in the days of Abraham.
17 And Abimelech said to Yitschaq: 'Go from us, for you are much mightier than we', and Yitschaq departed there in the first year of the seventh week, [2143] and sojourned in the valleys of Gerar.
20 And they dug a second well, and they strove for that also, and he called its name 'Enmity'. And he arose from thence and they dug another well, and for that they strove not, and he called the name of it 'Room', and Yitschaq said: 'Now YAHWEH has made room for us, and we have increased in the land.'
21 And he went up from there to the “Well of the Oath” in the first year of the first week in the forty-fourth jubilee. [2151]
Jubilees Chapter 25 The 44th Jubilee
In Jubilees Chapter 25, titled "Rebecca instructs Yacob her son," the matriarch Rebecca imparts her wisdom and blessings to her son Yacob. She lovingly advises Yacob not to take a wife from the daughters of Canaan, emphasizing the unrighteousness and impurity of their deeds. Yacob, in turn, vows to follow his mother's guidance and uphold the righteous path set by his forefather Abraham, who also cautioned against marrying Canaanite women. Rebecca, filled with gratitude for her son's commitment to righteousness, offers a heartfelt blessing, invoking the name of the Most High YAHWEH. This chapter showcases a mother's love and a son's determination to honor his family's legacy of faith and righteousness.
1 And in the second year of this week in this jubilee,[2152] Rebecca called Yacob her son, and spoke to him, saying: 'My son, do not take you a wife of the daughters of Canaan, as Esau, your brother, who took him two wives of the daughters of Canaan, and they have embittered my soul with all their unclean deeds: for all their deeds are fornication and lust, and there is no righteousness with them, for (their deeds) are evil.
Jubilees chapter 26
Jubilees Chapter 26 recounts a pivotal moment in the lives of Yitschaq, his sons Esau and Yacob, and their mother Rebecca. Yitschaq, in his old age and with failing eyesight, plans to bless his elder son Esau by having him prepare a meal for him. However, Rebecca overhears this and devises a scheme to ensure that Yacob, her favored son, receives the blessing instead. The chapter unfolds as Yacob, at his mother's behest, pretends to be Esau through a clever disguise and receives his father's blessing. This act sets in motion a series of events that will deeply impact the future of these twin brothers and their descendants.
1 And in the seventh year of this week [2157] Yitschaq called Esau, his elder Son, and said to him: ' I am old, my son, and behold my eyes are dim in seeing, and I know not the day of my death.
Jubilees Chapter 28 The Arrival of The Patriarchs
Jubilees 28 narrates the continuation of Yacob's journey as he arrives in the land of the east to Laban, the brother of Rebecca. He serves Laban for seven years to marry Rachel but ends up with Leah due to Laban's deceit. Yacob's relationship with Leah and Rachel, their handmaids, and the birth of their sons are detailed. The chapter sheds light on the customs of the time regarding marriage and inheritance, emphasizing the importance of fulfilling one's commitments. Additionally, it explores themes of envy and prosperity as Yacob's possessions multiply, leading to tension with Laban and his sons.
1 And he went on his journey, and came to the land of the east, to Laban, the brother of Rebecca, and he was with him, and served him for Rachel, his daughter for one week.
2 And in the first year of the third week [2165] he said to him: 'Give me my wife, for whom I have served you seven years '; and Laban said to Yacob: 'I will give you your wife.'
10 And he served yet another seven years for Rachel, for Leah had been given to him for nothing.
Reuben
11 And YAHWEH opened the womb of Leah, and she conceived and bore Yacob a son, and he called his name Reuben, on the fourteenth day of the ninth month, in the first year of the third week. [2165]
12 But the womb of Rachel was closed, for YAHWEH saw that Leah was hated and Rachel loved.
Simeon
13 And again Yacob went in unto Leah, and she conceived, and bore Yacob a second son, and he called his name Simeon, on the twenty-first of the tenth month, and in the third year of this week. [2167]
Levi
14 And again Yacob went in unto her, and she conceived, and bore him a third son, and he called his name Levi, in the new month of the first month in the sixth year of this week. [2170]
Yahudah/Judah
15 And again Yacob went in unto her, and she conceived, and bore him a fourth son, and he called his name Yahudah, on the fifteenth of the third month, in the first year of the fourth week. [2172]
16 And on account of all this Rachel envied Leah, for she did not bear, and she said to Yacob: 'Give me children'; and Yacob said: 'Have I withheld from you the fruits of your womb? Have I forsaken you?'
17 And when Rachel saw that Leah had borne four sons to Yacob, Reuben and Simeon and Levi and Yahudah, she said to him: 'Go in unto Bilhah my handmaid, and she will conceive, and bear a son unto me.'
Dan
18 And she gave him Bilhah her handmaid to wife. And he went in unto her, and she conceived, and bore him a son, and he called his name Dan, on the ninth of the sixth month, in the sixth year of the third week. [2170]
Naphtali
19 And Yacob went in again unto Bilhah a second time, and she conceived, and bore Yacob another son, and Rachel called his name Naphtali, on the fifth of the seventh month, in the second year of the fourth week. [2173.]
Gad
20 And when Leah saw that she had become sterile and did not bear, she envied Rachel, and she also gave her handmaid Zilpah to Yacob to wife, and she conceived, and bare a son, and Leah called his name Gad, on the twelfth of the eighth month, in the third year of the fourth week. [2174]
Asher
21 And he went in again unto her, and she conceived, and bore him a second son, and Leah called his name Asher, on the second of the eleventh month, in the fifth year of the fourth week. [2176]
Issachar
22 And Yacob went in unto Leah, and she conceived, and bore a son, and she called his name Issachar, on the fourth of the fifth month, in the fourth year of the fourth week, [2175] and she gave him to a nurse.
Zebulon
23 And Yacob went in again unto her, and she conceived, and bare two (children), a son and a daughter, and she called the name of the son Zebulon, and the name of the daughter Dinah, in the seventh of the seventh month, in the sixth year of the fourth week. [2177]
Yoseph/Joseph
24. And YAHWEH was gracious to Rachel, and opened her womb, and she conceived, and bore a son, and she called his name Yoseph, on the new month of the fourth month, in the sixth year in this fourth week. [2177]
Jubilees Chapter 29
In Jubilees 29, after the birth of Yoseph, Yacob makes a secret plan to leave Laban. Laban goes to shear his sheep, and Yacob seizes the opportunity to discuss leaving with his wives, Leah and Rachel. He explains that YAHWEH has instructed him to return to his father's house. The wives agree to accompany him. Yacob then blesses YAHWEH and sets out with his family and possessions, crossing the river and heading to the land of Gilead. He conceals his intentions from Laban, who eventually catches up with him. YAHWEH intervenes to protect Yacob, and a covenant is made between them. They set up a heap as a witness to their agreement. The chapter also mentions the Rephaim, giants who once inhabited the land of Gilead, and their eventual destruction by YAHWEH due to their wickedness. Laban departs for Mesopotamia, and Yacob continues his journey. Esau reconciles with Yacob, who then dwells in the land of Gilead and continues his pastoral life, sending provisions to his father and mother. Yitschaq and Rebecca bless Yacob from afar as he dwells in the land of Canaan, while Esau settles in Mount Seir.
5 And in the seventh year of the fourth week Yacob turned his face toward Gilead in the first month, on the twenty-first thereof. [2177 A.M.] And Laban pursued after him and overtook Yacob in the mountain of Gilead in the third month, on the thirteenth thereof.
14 And in the first year of the fifth week in this jubilee [2179] he crossed the Jordan, and dwelt beyond the Jordan, and he pastured his sheep from the sea of the heap unto Bethshan, and unto Dothan and unto the forest of Akrabbim.
Jubilees Chapter 30
Son of Hamor defiles Dinah the daughter of Yacob
1 And in the first year of the sixth week [2186] he went up to Salem, to the east of Shechem, in shalom, in the fourth month.
2 And there they carried off Dinah, the daughter of Yacob, into the house of Shechem, the son of Hamor, the Hivite, the prince of the land, and he lay with her and defiled her, and she was a little girl, a child of twelve years.
The Birth of Benjamin
33 And Rachel bare a son in the night, and called his name 'Son of my sorrow '; for she suffered in giving him birth: but his father called his name Benjamin, on the eleventh of the eighth month in the first of the sixth week of this jubilee. [2186]
Jubilees Chapter 33
In Jubilees 33, we witness a solemn chapter marked by events that carry significant moral weight. It begins with Yacob's journey to visit his father Yitschaq, accompanied by his wife Leah. However, this chapter takes a dramatic turn when it reveals an unsettling incident involving Reuben, Yacob's eldest son, and Bilhah, Rachel's maidservant. The story unfolds with Reuben's transgression, a grave act that profoundly affects the family. Yacob's reaction to this offense is stern, reflecting the gravity of such actions in the eyes of YAHWEH. The chapter also underscores the importance of preserving purity and moral integrity within the chosen nation of Yisrael. As the narrative continues, we witness blessings and the fulfillment of prophecies, all within the broader context of YAHWEH's divine plan for His people.
21 And in the third year of this sixth week [2188] Yacob and all his sons went and dwelt in the house of Abraham, near Yitschaq his father and Rebecca his mother.
Jubilees Chapter 34
In Jubilees 34, we witness a series of events in the life of Jacob and his family. Jacob sends his sons and servants to pasture their sheep near Shechem, but they are ambushed by the seven kings of the Amorites. Learning of this danger, Jacob, along with his sons and servants, assembles a force and defeats the Amorite kings, recovering their herds. Peace is established, and tribute is imposed. In the seventh year, Jacob sends Joseph to check on the welfare of his brothers, leading to Joseph's sale into slavery in Egypt. The chapter also recounts the mourning and grief that befalls Jacob upon hearing of Joseph's supposed death and the subsequent deaths of Bilhah and Dinah, bringing three mourning events in one month. This chapter sets the stage for significant events in the lives of Jacob and his sons and introduces the practice of annual atonement and mourning on the tenth of the seventh month for the sins of the family. Additionally, it lists the wives of Jacob's sons.
1 And in the sixth year of this week of this forty-fourth jubilee [2191] Yacob sent his sons to pasture their sheep, and his servants with them to the pastures of Shechem.
10 And in the seventh year of this week [2192] he sent Yoseph to learn about the welfare of his brothers from his house to the land of Shechem, and he found them in the land of Dothan.
Jubilees Chapter 35 The 45th Jubilee
In Jubilees 35, we find Rebecca's heartfelt request to her sons, Jacob and Esau, as she nears her death. She implores them to love one another, bury her beside their grandmother Sarah, and live in harmony. While Jacob and Esau pledge their love and promise not to harm each other, the tension between them is palpable. Rebecca's death marks the passing of an era, and her burial, along with the oaths taken by her sons, sets the stage for the unfolding dynamics between Jacob and Esau in the chapters to come.
1 And in the first year of the first week of the forty-fifth jubilee [2201] Rebecca called Yacob, her son, and commanded him regarding his father and regarding his brother, that he should honor them all the days of his life.
Jubilees Chapter 36
In Jubilees Chapter 36, we find Yitschaq, the father of Esau and Yacob, imparting his final instructions and blessings to his sons as he approaches the end of his life. Yitschaq emphasizes the importance of righteousness, brotherly love, and the rejection of idols. He urges them to fear and worship YAHWEH ALMIGHTY and to love each other deeply. Yitschaq also warns of the dire consequences of devising evil against one's brother and the judgment that awaits those who harm their kin. The chapter concludes with Yitschaq's death, the division of his possessions between Esau and Yacob, and the burial of his beloved wife Leah.
1 And in the sixth year of this week [2206] Yitschaq called his two sons Esau and Yacob, and they came to him, and he said to them: 'My sons, I am going the way of my fathers, to the eternal house where my fathers are.
21 And Leah his wife died in the fourth year of the second week of the forty-fifth jubilee, [2211] and he buried her in the double cave near Rebecca his mother to the left of the grave of Sarah, his father's mother.
Jubilees Chapter 37
The 37th chapter of the Book of Jubilees presents a pivotal moment in the biblical narrative as it unfolds the story of Yoseph (Joseph) and his brothers. This chapter delves into the jealousy and animosity that arise among Yoseph's brothers due to their father Yisrael's (Jacob's) preferential treatment of him, symbolized by the coat of many colors gifted to Yoseph. The narrative explores the intricate family dynamics and the events that set the stage for Yoseph's eventual journey to Egypt, which plays a central role in the biblical account. This chapter serves as a crucial precursor to the well-known story of Yoseph and his brothers, showcasing themes of sibling rivalry, betrayal, and divine providence. Isaac was weaned at the age of 15. Being weigned in the Jubilee year 2029, and his death year in 2206 makes Isaac 180 years of age at his death.
The Death of Isaac
1 And on the day that Yitschaq the father of Yacob and Esau died, [2194] the sons of Esau heard that Yitschaq had given the portion of the elder to his younger son Yacob and they were very angry.
Chapter 41 the 45th Jubilee
The sons of Yacob took wives
1 And in the forty-fifth jubilee, in the second week, (and) in the second year, [2209.] Yahudah took for his first-born Er, a wife from the daughters of Aram, named Tamar.
2 But he hated, and did not lie with her, because his mother was of the daughters of Canaan, and he wished to take him a wife of the kinsfolk of his mother, but Yahudah, his father, would not permit him.
8 And Bedsu'el, the wife of Yahudah, died [2205 A.M.] in the fifth year of this week. And in the sixth year Yahudah went up to shear his sheep at Timnah. [2106 A.M.]
Jubilees Chapter 42
In this chapter, we continue to follow the story of Yoseph and his family during the time of famine. Yoseph, who is now a high-ranking official in Egypt, meets his ten brothers when they come to Egypt to purchase food. Although Yoseph recognizes his brothers, they do not recognize him. Yoseph tests their honesty by accusing them of being spies and detaining Simeon while sending the others back to Canaan with food. He instructs them to return with their younger brother, Benjamin, to prove their innocence.
Yoseph's brothers return to their father, Yaakov, in Canaan and recount their encounter with the Egyptian official, not realizing it is their brother Yoseph. They explain that Simeon is held captive until they return with Benjamin. Yaakov is distressed but initially refuses to send Benjamin, fearing he might lose another son. However, as the famine worsens, Yaakov eventually agrees to send Benjamin to Egypt, and Reuben and Yahudah offer to take responsibility for his safety.
The chapter also mentions that the famine affects the entire region except for Egypt, where Yoseph had stored grain during the years of plenty. When the brothers return to Egypt with Benjamin, Yoseph hatches a plan to test their intentions by secretly placing his silver cup in Benjamin's sack, setting the stage for a dramatic turn of events in the upcoming chapters.
1 And in the first year of the third week of the forty-fifth jubilee the famine began to come into the [2215] land, and the rain refused to be given to the earth, for none whatever fell.
20 And he sent him with them in the second year of this week on the [2216] first day of the month, and they came to the land of Egypt with all those who went, and (they had) presents in their hands, stacte and almonds and terebinth nuts and pure honey.
Chapter 45
In this chapter, we enter a significant phase in the story of Yisrael (Jacob) and his family as they journey into the land of Egypt. Yisrael's reunion with his long-lost son Yoseph is marked by tears of joy and thanksgiving to the Almighty. Yisrael expresses his profound gratitude for witnessing Yoseph's face once more, echoing the divine vision he experienced at Bethel. The chapter highlights the blessings and the happiness of this reunion as Yoseph provides for his family and secures a place for them in the land of Goshen. As the famine in Egypt continues, Yoseph's wisdom and leadership shine as he manages the crisis, acquiring land and resources for Pharaoh and providing for the people. Yisrael's later years in Egypt, his blessings to his sons, and the transmission of important knowledge to Levi mark a significant chapter in the narrative of the Israelites' sojourn in Egypt.
Israel goes into Egypt
1 And Yisrael went into the country of Egypt, into the land of Goshen, on the new month of the fourth month, in the second year of the third week of the forty-fifth jubilee. [2216]
11 and the Egyptians sowed the land, and it bore much corn that year. And this was the first year of the fourth week of the forty-fifth jubilee. [2222]
The Death of Israel/Jacob
13 And Yisrael lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years, and all the days which he lived were three jubilees, one hundred and forty-seven years, and he died in the fourth year of the fifth week of the forty-fifth jubilee. [2232]
JubileesChapter 46
In Jubilees Chapter 46, the narrative shifts to the period following the death of Jacob. Here, we witness the flourishing of the children of Israel in the land of Egypt, where they multiply into a great nation characterized by unity and brotherly love. Notably, during the lifetime of Joseph, there is a striking absence of evil and adversity among them. Joseph's influential role in Egypt and his subsequent death are recounted, and he leaves a solemn command to his brethren to carry his bones with them when they eventually depart from Egypt. However, as time passes, a new Egyptian king rises to power, and his policies take a dark turn as he subjects the Israelites to harsh slavery and oppression, fearing their potential to become a formidable force. This chapter lays the foundation for the challenging journey of the children of Israel in Egypt and the events that will ultimately lead to their liberation.
8 And Yoseph died in the forty-sixth jubilee, in the sixth week, in the second year, and they buried him in the land of Egypt, and all his brethren died after him. [ 2287 ]
9 And the king of Egypt went forth to war with the king of Canaan in the forty-seventh jubilee, in the second week in the second year, [ 2309 ] and the children of Yisrael brought forth all the bones of the children of Yacob save the bones of Yoseph, and they buried them in the field in the double cave in the mountain.
The Book of Jasher chapter 60: 1-2 & 10-13
1 And when the year came round, being the seventy-second year from the Israelites going down to Egypt, after the death of Joseph, Zepho, the son of Eliphaz, the son of Esau, fled from Egypt,[2288] he and his men, and they went away.
The Book of Jasher chapter 61: 1-4
1 And it came to pass at that time Pharaoh king of Egypt commanded all his people to make for him a strong palace in Egypt.
2 And he also commanded the sons of Jacob to assist the Egyptians in the building, and the Egyptians made a beautiful and elegant palace for a royal habitation, and he dwelt therein and he renewed his government and he reigned securely.
Zebulun: Dies
3 And Zebulun the son of Jacob died in that year, that is the seventy-second year of the going down of the Israelites to Egypt, and Zebulun died a hundred and fourteen years old, and was put into a coffin and given into the hands of his children. [2177 to 2291]
Simeon: Dies
4 And in the seventy-fifth year died his brother Simeon, [Birth 2167] Death 2287 ] he was a hundred and twenty years old at his death, and he was also put into a coffin and given into the hands of his children.
[Birth 2217 Death 2343]
The Book of Jasher chapter 62: 1-5
Reuben: Dies
1 In that year, being the seventy-ninth year of the Israelites going down to Egypt, died Reuben the son of Jacob, in the land of Egypt; Reuben was a hundred and twenty-five years old when he died, and they put him into a coffin, and he was given into the hands of his children.
[ Birth 2165 Death 2290 ]
Dan: Dies
2 And in the eightieth year died his brother
Dan; he was a hundred and twenty years at his death, and he was also put into a coffin and given into the hands of his children. [ Birth 2170 Dath 2293 ]
Issachar: Dies
3 And in that year died Chusham king of Edom, and after him reigned Hadad the son of Bedad, for thirty-five years; and in the eighty-first year died Issachar the son of Jacob, in Egypt, and Issachar was a hundred and twenty-two years old at his death, and he was put into a coffin in Egypt, and given into the hands of his children. [ Birth 2175 Death 2297]
Asher: Dies
4 And in the eighty-second year died Asher his brother, he was a hundred and twenty-three years old at his death, and he was placed in a coffin in Egypt, and given into the hands of his children.[Birth 2176 Death 2299]
Gad: Dies
5 And in the eighty-third year died Gad, he was a hundred and twenty-five years old at his death, and he was put into a coffin in Egypt, and given into the hands of his children.
[ Birth 2174 Death 2299]
Chapter 47
The Book of Jubilees delves into the tumultuous times surrounding the birth and early life of Moses, a pivotal figure in biblical history. Born during a period of great affliction for the children of Israel under Pharaoh's oppressive decree to cast all male infants into the river, Moses' mother, Jochebed, devises a plan to protect her son. Placing him in an ark by the riverbank, he's discovered by Pharaoh's daughter, Tharmuth, who raises him as her own. The narrative unfolds with the account of Moses growing up in the royal court, his exposure to the plight of the Hebrews, and the transformative moment when he intervenes in a conflict between two Hebrews, leading to a fateful escape after taking a life. This chapter sets the stage for Moses' extraordinary journey and mission as a liberator of his people.
The Birth of Moses 1. And in the seventh week, in the seventh year, in the forty-seventh jubilee, [2349 ] your father went forth from the land of Canaan, and you were born in the fourth week, in the sixth year thereof, in the forty-eighth jubilee; [2377] (The middle of the 48th Jubilee) this was the time of tribulation on the children of Yisrael.
The Book of Jasher chapter 63: 1-2
Levi Dies
1. And in the ninety-third year died Levi, the son of Jacob, in Egypt, and Levi was a hundred and thirty-seven years old when he died, and they put him into a coffin and he was given into the hands of his children. [ Birth 2172 Death [2309 ].
Jasher 63: 4-6
Pharaoh Dies
4 And it came to pass in those days, in the hundred and second year of Israel's going down to Egypt,[2216] to [2318] (the 47th Jubilee) that Pharaoh king of Egypt died, and Melol his son reigned in his stead, and all the mighty men of Egypt and all that generation which knew Joseph and his brethren died in those days.
5 And another generation rose up in their stead, which had not known the sons of Jacob and all the good which they had done to them, and all their might in Egypt.
6 Therefore all Egypt began from that day forth to embitter the lives of the sons of Jacob, and to afflict them with all manner of hard labor, because they had not known their ancestors who had delivered them in the days of the famine.
Chapter 47:4-12
4 And your mother hid you for three months, and they told regarding her. And she made an ark for you, and covered it with pitch and asphalt, and placed it in the flags on the bank of the river, and she placed you in it seven days, and your mother came by night and suckled you, and by day Miriam, your sister, guarded you from the birds.
5 And in those days Tharmuth, the daughter of Pharaoh, came to bathe in the river, and she heard your voice crying, and she told her maidens to bring you forth, and they brought you unto her.
6 And she took you out of the ark, and she had compassion on you.
7 And your sister said to her: 'Shall I go and call unto you one of the Hebrew women to nurse and suckle this babe for you?'
8 And she said (unto her): 'Go.' And she went and called your mother Jochebed, and she gave her wages, and she nursed you.
9 And afterwards, when you were grown up, they brought you unto the daughter of Pharaoh, and you didst become her son, and Amram your father taught you writing, and after you had completed three weeks they brought you into the royal court.(Three weeks of years = 21 years.)[ 2377-2398 ] age 21
10 And you were three weeks of years at court until the time (Three weeks of years = 21 years.) [ 2398-2420 ] age 43 when you didst go forth from the royal court and did see an Egyptian smiting your friend who was of the children of Yisrael, and you did slay him and hide him in the sand.
Chapter 48
In Jubilees Chapter 48, we delve into the return of Moses from Midian to Egypt. This chapter recounts the pivotal moments in the life of Moses, as he heeds the call of Yahweh and undertakes the mission to free the Israelites from their bondage in Egypt. It highlights the challenges and opposition he faced, including the treacherous intentions of the prince Mastema, who sought to thwart his efforts. Moses, empowered by divine intervention and guided by his unwavering faith, confronts Pharaoh with divine signs and plagues, leading to the liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian slavery. This chapter vividly illustrates the trials and triumphs of Moses as he emerges as the chosen leader of his people, destined to fulfill Yahweh's covenant with Abraham and bring about their liberation.
Year of the Exodus
1 And in the sixth year of the third week of the forty-ninth jubilee you did depart and dwell in the land of Midian ([2420] age 43), five weeks and one year. (36 years) [2456] Moses age 79)And you did return into Egypt in the second week in the second year in the fiftieth jubilee. [2459] (age 82)
Chapter 50
Jubilees 50 provides insights into the observance of Shabbat and the significance of these sacred days in the context of wandering in the wilderness and the future life in the land of Canaan. It begins by revealing the locations and contexts of the various Shabbats, emphasizing their importance as days of rest and devotion to YAHWEH. The chapter also touches upon the notion of jubilee years and their connection to the ultimate purification and redemption of Israel. It lays down specific rules and prohibitions for the observance of Shabbats, stressing their sanctity and the consequences of desecration. Furthermore, it underlines the honor bestowed upon Israel by YAHWEH through these appointed festivals and sacrifices, highlighting their role in maintaining the Kodesh, or, seporated kingdom of Yisrael. The chapter closes by affirming the importance of adhering to these commandments, as they are an integral part of the divine laws governing the seasons and days.
1 And after this Torah I made known to you the days of the Shabbats in the desert of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai.
2 And I told you of the Shabbats of the land on Mount Sinai, and I told you of the jubilee years in the Shabbats of years: but the year thereof have I not told you till you enter the land which you are to possess.
3 And the land also shall keep its Shabbats while they dwell upon it, and they shall know the jubilee year.
4 Wherefore I have ordained for you the year-weeks and the years and the jubilees: there are forty-nine jubilees from the days of Adam until this day, [2459] and one week and two years: and there are yet forty years to come for learning the commandments of YAHWEH, until they pass over into the land of Canaan, crossing the Jordan to the west.
Moses was born in the 48th Jubilee in the year [ 2377 ], and according to all biblical sources, Moses lived to be 120 years old. Making his Death year [ 2497 ]. The next two years leading up to the 49 year in the 50th Jubilee. Joshua takes the place of Moses, and leads Yisrael into the promised land 40 years after the Exodus that took place in 2459. Adding 40 years to this Jubilee year brings us to the Jubilee year 2499.
Biblical Texts Supporting the Chronology of the Descendants of Abraham and Time Calculations
Genesis 17:19-21:
"And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, and with his seed after him. And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation. But my covenant will I establish with Isaac, which Sarah shall bear unto thee at this set time in the next year."
Calculation: Isaac's birth in 1894 BCE, circumcision in 1893 BCE.
Genesis 21:4:
"And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac being eight days old, as God had commanded him."
Calculation: Circumcision of Isaac in 1893 BCE.
Genesis 12:1-3:
"Now the LORD had said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto a land that I will shew thee: And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a blessing: And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse him that curseth thee: and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed."
Calculation: Abraham's departure from Haran in 1891 BCE (75 years old).
Exodus 12:40-41:
"Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years. And it came to pass at the end of the four hundred and thirty years, even the selfsame day it came to pass, that all the hosts of the LORD went out from the land of Egypt."
Calculation: From Isaac's circumcision in 1893 BCE to the Exodus in 1463 BCE is 430 years.
Genesis 46:27:
"And the sons of Joseph, which were born him in Egypt, were two souls: all the souls of the house of Jacob, which came into Egypt, were threescore and ten."
Calculation: Entry into Egypt around 1706 BCE.
Exodus 6:16-20:
"And these are the names of the sons of Levi according to their generations; Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari: and the years of the life of Levi were an hundred thirty and seven years. The sons of Gershon; Libni, and Shimi, according to their families. And the sons of Kohath; Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel: and the years of the life of Kohath were an hundred thirty and three years. And the sons of Merari; Mahali and Mushi: these are the families of Levi according to their generations. And Amram took him Jochebed his father's sister to wife; and she bare him Aaron and Moses: and the years of the life of Amram were an hundred and thirty and seven years."
Genesis 17:19-21:
"And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, and with his seed after him. And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation. But my covenant will I establish with Isaac, which Sarah shall bear unto thee at this set time in the next year."
Calculation: Isaac's birth in 1894 BCE, circumcision in 1893 BCE.
Genesis 21:4:
"And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac being eight days old, as God had commanded him."
Calculation: Circumcision of Isaac in 1893 BCE.
Genesis 12:1-3:
"Now the LORD had said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto a land that I will shew thee: And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a blessing: And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse him that curseth thee: and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed."
Calculation: Abraham's departure from Haran in 1891 BCE (75 years old).
Exodus 12:40-41:
"Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years. And it came to pass at the end of the four hundred and thirty years, even the selfsame day it came to pass, that all the hosts of the LORD went out from the land of Egypt."
Calculation: From Isaac's circumcision in 1893 BCE to the Exodus in 1463 BCE is 430 years.
Genesis 46:27:
"And the sons of Joseph, which were born him in Egypt, were two souls: all the souls of the house of Jacob, which came into Egypt, were threescore and ten."
Calculation: Entry into Egypt around 1706 BCE.
Exodus 6:16-20:
"And these are the names of the sons of Levi according to their generations; Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari: and the years of the life of Levi were an hundred thirty and seven years. The sons of Gershon; Libni, and Shimi, according to their families. And the sons of Kohath; Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel: and the years of the life of Kohath were an hundred thirty and three years. And the sons of Merari; Mahali and Mushi: these are the families of Levi according to their generations. And Amram took him Jochebed his father's sister to wife; and she bare him Aaron and Moses: and the years of the life of Amram were an hundred and thirty and seven years."
Time Calculations
From Abraham's Birth to Key Events
Birth of Abraham (1914 BCE)
Year 1914 BCE
Circumcision of Isaac (1893 BCE)
Distance from 1914 BCE to 1893 BCE: 21 years.
The Exodus (1463 BCE)
Distance from 1914 BCE to 1463 BCE: 451 years.
Birth of Abraham (1914 BCE)
Year 1914 BCE
Circumcision of Isaac (1893 BCE)
Distance from 1914 BCE to 1893 BCE: 21 years.
The Exodus (1463 BCE)
Distance from 1914 BCE to 1463 BCE: 451 years.
From Circumcision of Isaac to Key Events
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Also generate another list of the years that do not have Biblical references that validate the timeline or Chronology and explain way.
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Biblical Texts Supporting the Chronology of the Descendants of Abraham
Genesis 17:19-21:
"And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, and with his seed after him. And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation. But my covenant will I establish with Isaac, which Sarah shall bear unto thee at this set time in the next year."
Calculation: Isaac's birth in 1894 BCE, circumcision in 1893 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 20 years.
Genesis 21:4:
"And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac being eight days old, as God had commanded him."
Calculation: Circumcision of Isaac in 1893 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 21 years.
Genesis 25:26:
"And after that came his brother out, and his hand took hold on Esau's heel; and his name was called Jacob: and Isaac was threescore years old when she bare them."
Calculation: Birth of Jacob in 1834 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 80 years.
Genesis 47:9:
"And Jacob said unto Pharaoh, The days of the years of my pilgrimage are an hundred and thirty years: few and evil have the days of the years of my life been, and have not attained unto the days of the years of the life of my fathers in the days of their pilgrimage."
Calculation: Jacob's age when he went to Egypt (130 years old), migration to Egypt in 1704 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 210 years.
Exodus 12:40-41:
"Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years. And it came to pass at the end of the four hundred and thirty years, even the selfsame day it came to pass, that all the hosts of the LORD went out from the land of Egypt."
Calculation: Exodus in 1495 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 419 years.
Genesis 17:19-21:
"And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, and with his seed after him. And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation. But my covenant will I establish with Isaac, which Sarah shall bear unto thee at this set time in the next year."
Calculation: Isaac's birth in 1894 BCE, circumcision in 1893 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 20 years.
Genesis 21:4:
"And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac being eight days old, as God had commanded him."
Calculation: Circumcision of Isaac in 1893 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 21 years.
Genesis 25:26:
"And after that came his brother out, and his hand took hold on Esau's heel; and his name was called Jacob: and Isaac was threescore years old when she bare them."
Calculation: Birth of Jacob in 1834 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 80 years.
Genesis 47:9:
"And Jacob said unto Pharaoh, The days of the years of my pilgrimage are an hundred and thirty years: few and evil have the days of the years of my life been, and have not attained unto the days of the years of the life of my fathers in the days of their pilgrimage."
Calculation: Jacob's age when he went to Egypt (130 years old), migration to Egypt in 1704 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 210 years.
Exodus 12:40-41:
"Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years. And it came to pass at the end of the four hundred and thirty years, even the selfsame day it came to pass, that all the hosts of the LORD went out from the land of Egypt."
Calculation: Exodus in 1495 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 419 years.
Years Without Direct Biblical References
Birth of Joseph:
Calculation: Estimated around 1741 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 173 years.
Explanation: While the Bible provides details on Joseph's life, his exact birth year is derived from indirect chronological markers rather than a direct statement.
Joseph's Death:
Calculation: Estimated around 1631 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 283 years.
Explanation: The Bible does not provide a direct reference to the year of Joseph's death, but it is estimated based on his age and the timeline of events in Egypt.
Entry into Egypt:
Calculation: 1704 BCE when Jacob and his family moved to Egypt.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 210 years.
Explanation: The Bible gives Jacob's age at the time of the migration but does not specify the exact year, leaving scholars to calculate it based on other chronological data.
Exodus Date:
Calculation: 1495 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 419 years.
Explanation: The 430 years mentioned in Exodus 12:40-41 is interpreted differently by various scholars, leading to debates over the exact timeline.
Birth of Joseph:
Calculation: Estimated around 1741 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 173 years.
Explanation: While the Bible provides details on Joseph's life, his exact birth year is derived from indirect chronological markers rather than a direct statement.
Joseph's Death:
Calculation: Estimated around 1631 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 283 years.
Explanation: The Bible does not provide a direct reference to the year of Joseph's death, but it is estimated based on his age and the timeline of events in Egypt.
Entry into Egypt:
Calculation: 1704 BCE when Jacob and his family moved to Egypt.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 210 years.
Explanation: The Bible gives Jacob's age at the time of the migration but does not specify the exact year, leaving scholars to calculate it based on other chronological data.
Exodus Date:
Calculation: 1495 BCE.
Distance to Abraham's Birth (1914 BCE): 419 years.
Explanation: The 430 years mentioned in Exodus 12:40-41 is interpreted differently by various scholars, leading to debates over the exact timeline.
Circumcision of Isaac to the Exodus
Genesis 21:4:
Event: Circumcision of Isaac in 1893 BCE.
Distance to Exodus (1495 BCE): 398 years.
Genesis 21:4:
Event: Circumcision of Isaac in 1893 BCE.
Distance to Exodus (1495 BCE): 398 years.
Birth of Joseph to the Exodus
Estimated Birth of Joseph:
Event: Birth of Joseph around 1741 BCE.
Distance to Exodus (1495 BCE): 246 years.
Estimated Birth of Joseph:
Event: Birth of Joseph around 1741 BCE.
Distance to Exodus (1495 BCE): 246 years.
By comparing these Biblical references and calculated years, we can see how the timeline and chronology of events are constructed. The years without direct Biblical references rely on historical and chronological calculations to fit into the broader narrative.
Comparative Analysis: Chronology in the Book of Jubilees versus the Bible
The Bible's Chronology
Pros:
Broad Coverage: The Bible spans a vast historical period, from creation to the early Christian era, providing detailed genealogies, lifespans, and events.
Multiple Books and Authors: It offers multiple perspectives and detailed accounts of events across various books written by different authors over centuries.
Divine Inspiration: Traditionally considered divinely inspired by many faith communities, giving it a foundational role in understanding history and theology.
Cross-References: Contains cross-references within its books that provide a means of verifying and connecting events (e.g., genealogies in Genesis, Chronicles, and the Gospels).
Cons:
Gaps and Ambiguities: There are gaps in the timeline, ambiguous references, and potential inconsistencies in genealogies.
Non-Chronological Order: Some books are not arranged in chronological order, making it difficult to follow a linear timeline without external references or interpretations.
The Book of Jubilees' Chronology
Pros:
Detailed and Structured: Provides a structured timeline, dividing history into jubilees (49-year cycles) and weeks, offering a systematic approach to understanding the chronology.
Additional Details: Includes additional details and stories not found in the canonical Bible, such as specific dates for events and a detailed account of the early patriarchs.
Consistent Format: The use of a consistent chronological format (jubilees and weeks) helps in understanding the sequence of events and the passage of time.
Focused on Specific Periods: Offers a detailed account of the periods it covers, particularly from creation to the Exodus, making it easier to follow the chronology within that scope.
Cons:
Limited Scope: Primarily focuses on the period from creation to the Exodus, lacking coverage of later historical periods such as the monarchy, exile, and post-exilic periods.
Non-Canonical: Considered non-canonical by most Jewish and Christian traditions, leading to its lesser influence and acceptance in mainstream religious scholarship.
Additional Texts: Includes interpretations and additions not found in the canonical Bible, which might be seen as extrabiblical embellishments.
Comparative Completeness and Why
Bible:
Comprehensiveness: The Bible provides a more comprehensive timeline that spans from creation to the early Christian era. It covers a broader historical scope, including the patriarchs, the Exodus, the monarchy, the exile, the return from exile, and the life of Jesus and the early church.
Multiple Perspectives: It offers multiple perspectives through its diverse authorship and genres (historical narratives, laws, prophecies, poetry, and letters).
Canonical Authority: As the foundational text for Judaism and Christianity, its chronology is more authoritative and widely accepted.
Book of Jubilees:
Structured Chronology: The Book of Jubilees offers a more structured and detailed chronology for the periods it covers, providing specific dates and additional narratives.
Focused Detail: It excels in providing detailed accounts and timelines for the early patriarchal period up to the Exodus.
Supplementary Nature: It serves as a supplementary text that can enhance understanding of the biblical timeline, particularly for the periods it elaborates on.
Conclusion
The Bible contains a more complete timeline overall because of its broader historical coverage, multiple perspectives, and canonical authority. It provides a comprehensive narrative from creation through the early Christian period, making it the foundational document for understanding biblical history.
The Book of Jubilees offers a more detailed and structured chronology for the specific periods it covers, particularly from creation to the Exodus. It is valuable for its focused detail and additional narratives but is supplementary to the broader and more widely accepted biblical timeline.
In conclusion, while the Book of Jubilees provides valuable insights and a structured chronology for its scope, the Bible's comprehensive coverage and canonical status make its timeline more complete for the entirety of biblical history.
Extending the Jubilee Chronology Beyond the 50-Year Mark
1. Understanding the Jubilee Cycle
Jubilee Year: Traditionally, a Jubilee year occurs every 50th year, following seven cycles of seven years (Leviticus 25:8-10). Each cycle of seven years ends in a sabbatical year, and the 50th year is celebrated as a Jubilee.
49-Year Cycles: Some interpretations use a 49-year cycle, where the 50th year is also counted as the first year of the next cycle.
Jubilee Year: Traditionally, a Jubilee year occurs every 50th year, following seven cycles of seven years (Leviticus 25:8-10). Each cycle of seven years ends in a sabbatical year, and the 50th year is celebrated as a Jubilee.
49-Year Cycles: Some interpretations use a 49-year cycle, where the 50th year is also counted as the first year of the next cycle.
2. Key Biblical Chronological Markers
Creation to the Exodus: The Book of Jubilees provides a detailed chronology from creation to the Exodus, often using Jubilee cycles to mark significant events.
Exodus to the Monarchy: The biblical timeline can be extended through significant events such as the Exodus, the period of the Judges, and the establishment of the monarchy.
Exile and Return: The period of exile and the return under Ezra and Nehemiah also fit into the Jubilee framework.
Creation to the Exodus: The Book of Jubilees provides a detailed chronology from creation to the Exodus, often using Jubilee cycles to mark significant events.
Exodus to the Monarchy: The biblical timeline can be extended through significant events such as the Exodus, the period of the Judges, and the establishment of the monarchy.
Exile and Return: The period of exile and the return under Ezra and Nehemiah also fit into the Jubilee framework.
3. Extending to the Early Church Era
From the Birth of Jesus: Using the birth of Jesus as a key marker, the Jubilee cycles can be extended into the early church era.
Birth of Jesus: Traditionally dated around 4-6 BCE. Using a Jubilee cycle framework, this event can be marked as occurring within a specific Jubilee cycle.
Ministry of Jesus: His ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection can also be placed within this framework, potentially aligning with significant Jubilee years.
Early Church: Events of the early church, such as Pentecost and the spread of Christianity, can be mapped onto the extended Jubilee timeline.
From the Birth of Jesus: Using the birth of Jesus as a key marker, the Jubilee cycles can be extended into the early church era.
Birth of Jesus: Traditionally dated around 4-6 BCE. Using a Jubilee cycle framework, this event can be marked as occurring within a specific Jubilee cycle.
Ministry of Jesus: His ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection can also be placed within this framework, potentially aligning with significant Jubilee years.
Early Church: Events of the early church, such as Pentecost and the spread of Christianity, can be mapped onto the extended Jubilee timeline.
Implications of Extending the Jubilee Chronology
1. Structured Understanding
Historical Events: Placing historical events within the Jubilee framework provides a structured and orderly understanding of biblical and post-biblical history.
Prophetic Fulfillment: It allows for the examination of prophetic fulfillment in a systematic manner, linking significant events to Jubilee cycles.
Historical Events: Placing historical events within the Jubilee framework provides a structured and orderly understanding of biblical and post-biblical history.
Prophetic Fulfillment: It allows for the examination of prophetic fulfillment in a systematic manner, linking significant events to Jubilee cycles.
2. Continuity and Significance
Continuity: The Jubilee cycles provide a continuous timeline from creation to significant biblical events and beyond, emphasizing the ongoing fulfillment of divine plans.
Significance: Aligning major events with Jubilee years underscores their significance within the divine plan, highlighting periods of renewal, liberation, and fulfillment.
Continuity: The Jubilee cycles provide a continuous timeline from creation to significant biblical events and beyond, emphasizing the ongoing fulfillment of divine plans.
Significance: Aligning major events with Jubilee years underscores their significance within the divine plan, highlighting periods of renewal, liberation, and fulfillment.
3. Comparative Analysis with Biblical Texts
Complementary Insights: The Book of Jubilees and the Bible can provide complementary insights, with the structured Jubilee framework offering additional context to the biblical narrative.
Verification and Validation: Cross-referencing events within the Jubilee framework with biblical texts can help verify and validate the chronology, ensuring consistency and accuracy.
Complementary Insights: The Book of Jubilees and the Bible can provide complementary insights, with the structured Jubilee framework offering additional context to the biblical narrative.
Verification and Validation: Cross-referencing events within the Jubilee framework with biblical texts can help verify and validate the chronology, ensuring consistency and accuracy.
Conclusion
The chronology of the Jubilee texts indeed extends beyond the traditional 50-year mark and can be applied to the early church era. This extended framework offers a structured and significant understanding of biblical history, emphasizing continuity and prophetic fulfillment. By integrating the Jubilee cycles with key biblical events, we can gain a deeper appreciation of the divine timeline and its implications for both ancient and early Christian history.
From the Birth of Abraham to the Birth of Isaac
Birth of Abraham:
Abraham (then Abram) was born in 1946 AM (Anno Mundi - Year of the World).
Birth of Isaac:
Genesis 21:5: "Abraham was a hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him."
Therefore, Isaac was born in 2046 AM.
Birth of Abraham:
Abraham (then Abram) was born in 1946 AM (Anno Mundi - Year of the World).
Birth of Isaac:
Genesis 21:5: "Abraham was a hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him."
Therefore, Isaac was born in 2046 AM.
Calculation:
Years from Abraham's birth to Isaac's birth = 2046 AM - 1946 AM = 100 years.
From Isaac to the Birth and Death of Jacob
Birth of Isaac:
As established, Isaac was born in 2046 AM.
Birth of Jacob:
Genesis 25:26: "Afterward his brother came out, with his hand holding Esau's heel, so his name was called Jacob. Isaac was sixty years old when she bore them."
Therefore, Jacob was born in 2106 AM (2046 AM + 60 years).
Birth of Isaac:
As established, Isaac was born in 2046 AM.
Birth of Jacob:
Genesis 25:26: "Afterward his brother came out, with his hand holding Esau's heel, so his name was called Jacob. Isaac was sixty years old when she bore them."
Therefore, Jacob was born in 2106 AM (2046 AM + 60 years).
Calculation:
Years from Isaac's birth to Jacob's birth = 2106 AM - 2046 AM = 60 years.
Death of Jacob:
Genesis 47:28: "And Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years; so the days of Jacob, the years of his life, were one hundred and forty-seven years."
Jacob lived 147 years, so he died in 2253 AM (2106 AM + 147 years).
Calculation:
Years from Jacob's birth to his death = 2253 AM - 2106 AM = 147 years.
Summary
From Abraham's birth to Isaac's birth: 100 years.
From Isaac's birth to Jacob's birth: 60 years.
From Jacob's birth to his death: 147 years.
From Abraham's birth to Isaac's birth: 100 years.
From Isaac's birth to Jacob's birth: 60 years.
From Jacob's birth to his death: 147 years.
Key Events and Texts:
Birth of Joseph:
Genesis 30:22-24: Joseph was born to Jacob and Rachel after Jacob had been with Laban for 14 years. This occurred during Jacob's time with Laban, after the birth of his eleven brothers.
Joseph's birth is traditionally placed 1915 BCE.
Joseph Sold into Slavery:
Genesis 37:2: Joseph was 17 years old when he was sold into slavery by his brothers.
This places the event around 1898 BCE (1915 BCE - 17 years).
Joseph's Rise to Power:
Genesis 41:46: Joseph was 30 years old when he entered the service of Pharaoh.
This places the event around 1885 BCE (1915 BCE - 30 years).
Jacob and His Family Move to Egypt:
Genesis 47:9: Jacob tells Pharaoh that he is 130 years old.
This occurred around 1875 BCE.
The Exodus:
Exodus 12:40-41: The Israelites lived in Egypt for 430 years.
The traditional date for the Exodus is around 1446 BCE.
Birth of Joseph:
Genesis 30:22-24: Joseph was born to Jacob and Rachel after Jacob had been with Laban for 14 years. This occurred during Jacob's time with Laban, after the birth of his eleven brothers.
Joseph's birth is traditionally placed 1915 BCE.
Joseph Sold into Slavery:
Genesis 37:2: Joseph was 17 years old when he was sold into slavery by his brothers.
This places the event around 1898 BCE (1915 BCE - 17 years).
Joseph's Rise to Power:
Genesis 41:46: Joseph was 30 years old when he entered the service of Pharaoh.
This places the event around 1885 BCE (1915 BCE - 30 years).
Jacob and His Family Move to Egypt:
Genesis 47:9: Jacob tells Pharaoh that he is 130 years old.
This occurred around 1875 BCE.
The Exodus:
Exodus 12:40-41: The Israelites lived in Egypt for 430 years.
The traditional date for the Exodus is around 1446 BCE.
Calculation of Years from Joseph's Birth to the Exodus
From Joseph's Birth to Jacob's Move to Egypt:
Joseph was 30 years old when he rose to power in Egypt (1885 BCE).
Jacob and his family moved to Egypt when Joseph was 39 years old (during the second year of famine): 1885 BCE - 39 years = 1876 BCE.
Years from Jacob's Move to the Exodus:
From Jacob's move to Egypt (1876 BCE) to the Exodus (1446 BCE):
1876 BCE - 1446 BCE = 430 years.
From Joseph's Birth to Jacob's Move to Egypt:
Joseph was 30 years old when he rose to power in Egypt (1885 BCE).
Jacob and his family moved to Egypt when Joseph was 39 years old (during the second year of famine): 1885 BCE - 39 years = 1876 BCE.
Years from Jacob's Move to the Exodus:
From Jacob's move to Egypt (1876 BCE) to the Exodus (1446 BCE):
1876 BCE - 1446 BCE = 430 years.
Calculation:
From Joseph's birth to Jacob's move to Egypt: 1915 BCE - 1876 BCE = 39 years.
From Jacob's move to Egypt to the Exodus: 1876 BCE - 1446 BCE = 430 years.
Total Number of Years from Joseph's Birth to the Exodus:
From Joseph's birth to Jacob's move to Egypt:
1915 BCE - 1876 BCE = 39 years.
From Jacob's move to Egypt to the Exodus:
1876 BCE - 1446 BCE = 430 years.
From Joseph's birth to Jacob's move to Egypt:
1915 BCE - 1876 BCE = 39 years.
From Jacob's move to Egypt to the Exodus:
1876 BCE - 1446 BCE = 430 years.
Total:
39 years + 430 years = 469 years.
Thus, there were 469 years from the birth of Joseph to the Exodus according to the biblical timeline.
Biblical Context:
Levi's Entry into Egypt:
Genesis 46:11: "And the sons of Levi; Gershon, Kohath, and Merari."
Levi was one of the sons of Jacob who entered Egypt.
Lifespan and Generations:
Exodus 6:16-20: "And these are the names of the sons of Levi according to their generations; Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari... And the years of the life of Levi were a hundred thirty and seven years... And Kohath lived a hundred thirty-and-three years... And Amram took him Jochebed his father's sister to wife; and she bare him Aaron and Moses: and the years of the life of Amram were a hundred thirty and seven years."
Kohath and Amram:
Kohath, the son of Levi, lived to be 133 years old.
Amram, the son of Kohath, lived to be 137 years old.
Moses, the son of Amram, was 80 years old at the time of the Exodus (Exodus 7:7).
Levi's Entry into Egypt:
Genesis 46:11: "And the sons of Levi; Gershon, Kohath, and Merari."
Levi was one of the sons of Jacob who entered Egypt.
Lifespan and Generations:
Exodus 6:16-20: "And these are the names of the sons of Levi according to their generations; Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari... And the years of the life of Levi were a hundred thirty and seven years... And Kohath lived a hundred thirty-and-three years... And Amram took him Jochebed his father's sister to wife; and she bare him Aaron and Moses: and the years of the life of Amram were a hundred thirty and seven years."
Kohath and Amram:
Kohath, the son of Levi, lived to be 133 years old.
Amram, the son of Kohath, lived to be 137 years old.
Moses, the son of Amram, was 80 years old at the time of the Exodus (Exodus 7:7).
Generational Analysis:
Levi's Lifespan:
Levi lived 137 years. Assuming Levi entered Egypt at the age of 43 (a reasonable estimate since Joseph was 39 when his family moved to Egypt and Levi was older than Joseph), he would have lived in Egypt for about 94 years.
Kohath's Lifespan:
Kohath was born in Egypt and lived 133 years. Assuming he was born shortly after Levi's entry into Egypt, he could have overlapped significantly with his father's life.
Amram's Lifespan:
Amram, the son of Kohath, lived 137 years. Assuming Amram was born towards the end of Kohath's life, there is still overlap but it starts stretching the timeline.
Moses' Lifespan:
Moses was 82 years old at the time of the Exodus.
Levi's Lifespan:
Levi lived 137 years. Assuming Levi entered Egypt at the age of 43 (a reasonable estimate since Joseph was 39 when his family moved to Egypt and Levi was older than Joseph), he would have lived in Egypt for about 94 years.
Kohath's Lifespan:
Kohath was born in Egypt and lived 133 years. Assuming he was born shortly after Levi's entry into Egypt, he could have overlapped significantly with his father's life.
Amram's Lifespan:
Amram, the son of Kohath, lived 137 years. Assuming Amram was born towards the end of Kohath's life, there is still overlap but it starts stretching the timeline.
Moses' Lifespan:
Moses was 82 years old at the time of the Exodus.
Timeline Analysis:
Levi's Entry to Kohath's Birth:
Assuming Levi was 43 years old when he entered Egypt and had Kohath shortly thereafter.
Kohath's Birth to Amram's Birth:
If Kohath was born early in Levi's time in Egypt and lived 133 years, he might have had Amram in his later years.
Amram's Birth to Moses' Birth:
Amram could have been around 60 years old when he had Moses. Given Amram's 137-year lifespan, this is plausible but stretching.
Moses' Age at the Exodus:
Moses was 80 years old at the Exodus.
Levi's Entry to Kohath's Birth:
Assuming Levi was 43 years old when he entered Egypt and had Kohath shortly thereafter.
Kohath's Birth to Amram's Birth:
If Kohath was born early in Levi's time in Egypt and lived 133 years, he might have had Amram in his later years.
Amram's Birth to Moses' Birth:
Amram could have been around 60 years old when he had Moses. Given Amram's 137-year lifespan, this is plausible but stretching.
Moses' Age at the Exodus:
Moses was 80 years old at the Exodus.
Cumulative Calculation:
Levi to Kohath:
Levi could have fathered Kohath within 10 years of entering Egypt.
Kohath to Amram:
Kohath could have fathered Amram around the age of 70 (a midpoint in his lifespan).
Amram to Moses:
Amram could have fathered Moses around the age of 60.
Adding Up the Generations:
Levi: 94 years (in Egypt) + Kohath: 70 years (until he fathers Amram) + Amram: 60 years (until he fathers Moses) + Moses: 80 years (at the time of the Exodus) = 304 years.
Levi to Kohath:
Levi could have fathered Kohath within 10 years of entering Egypt.
Kohath to Amram:
Kohath could have fathered Amram around the age of 70 (a midpoint in his lifespan).
Amram to Moses:
Amram could have fathered Moses around the age of 60.
Adding Up the Generations:
Levi: 94 years (in Egypt) + Kohath: 70 years (until he fathers Amram) + Amram: 60 years (until he fathers Moses) + Moses: 80 years (at the time of the Exodus) = 304 years.
Conclusion:
Given that the 430 years encompass the entire sojourn in Egypt, having only three generations (Levi, Kohath, Amram, Moses) spanning this period is implausible. Typical generational turnover, even with extended lifespans, would suggest at least 6-8 generations in 430 years. The detailed analysis shows that the biblical account, when taken literally, does not comfortably fit within a three-generation model across such a long period, supporting the argument that other generational overlaps or omitted generations might be present in the narrative.
Argument Based on the Book of Jubilees and Biblical Chronology
Connecting the 430 Years from Isaac's Circumcision to the Exodus
Circumcision of Isaac and the 430 Years:
According to the Book of Jubilees, Isaac's circumcision marks a significant event in the timeline of the descendants of Abraham. Isaac was circumcised when he was eight days old.
The 430-year period mentioned in Exodus 12:40-41 can be interpreted as starting from the time of Isaac's circumcision rather than the time the Israelites entered Egypt. This period fulfills the promises made to Abraham by the God of Israel.
Book of Jubilees Reference:
The Book of Jubilees (Chapter 16, Verse 14) states: "And after these days, in the fourth year of the fourth week, we saw him come forth from the midst of the land, from the land of the Chaldaeans, and we said to him, 'You will surely go down into Egypt and sojourn there.'" This reference places significant events in a structured timeline, supporting the 430-year period from Isaac’s circumcision.
Circumcision of Isaac and the 430 Years:
According to the Book of Jubilees, Isaac's circumcision marks a significant event in the timeline of the descendants of Abraham. Isaac was circumcised when he was eight days old.
The 430-year period mentioned in Exodus 12:40-41 can be interpreted as starting from the time of Isaac's circumcision rather than the time the Israelites entered Egypt. This period fulfills the promises made to Abraham by the God of Israel.
Book of Jubilees Reference:
The Book of Jubilees (Chapter 16, Verse 14) states: "And after these days, in the fourth year of the fourth week, we saw him come forth from the midst of the land, from the land of the Chaldaeans, and we said to him, 'You will surely go down into Egypt and sojourn there.'" This reference places significant events in a structured timeline, supporting the 430-year period from Isaac’s circumcision.
Israel's Sojourn in Egypt: 243 Years
Entry into Egypt in 2216 AM:
According to the Book of Jubilees, the Israelites entered Egypt in the year 2216 AM (Anno Mundi - Year of the World).
The Exodus in 2459 AM:
The Exodus is dated to 2459 AM, marking the liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage.
Calculation of the Sojourn in Egypt:
From the entry into Egypt (2216 AM) to the Exodus (2459 AM) is a period of 243 years.
Biblical Reference:
Genesis 15:13-14: "Then He said to Abram: 'Know certainly that your descendants will be strangers in a land that is not theirs, and will serve them, and they will afflict them four hundred years. And also the nation whom they serve I will judge; afterward they shall come out with great possessions.'" This prophecy is often linked to the 430 years mentioned in Exodus 12:40-41.
Entry into Egypt in 2216 AM:
According to the Book of Jubilees, the Israelites entered Egypt in the year 2216 AM (Anno Mundi - Year of the World).
The Exodus in 2459 AM:
The Exodus is dated to 2459 AM, marking the liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage.
Calculation of the Sojourn in Egypt:
From the entry into Egypt (2216 AM) to the Exodus (2459 AM) is a period of 243 years.
Biblical Reference:
Genesis 15:13-14: "Then He said to Abram: 'Know certainly that your descendants will be strangers in a land that is not theirs, and will serve them, and they will afflict them four hundred years. And also the nation whom they serve I will judge; afterward they shall come out with great possessions.'" This prophecy is often linked to the 430 years mentioned in Exodus 12:40-41.
Generational Analysis: 243 Years
Generations in 243 Years:
The period of 243 years from the entry into Egypt to the Exodus fits well with the generational turnover typically described in the Bible. This would span about 3 to 4 generations, consistent with the lifespans and family structures recorded.
Biblical Chronology:
The biblical records often describe long lifespans and generational overlaps, making 243 years a plausible duration for 3 to 4 generations.
Supporting Texts:
Exodus 6:16-20 details the generations from Levi to Moses, which can be mapped onto a timeline of 243 years more comfortably than 430 years, considering typical generational spans and lifespans.
Generations in 243 Years:
The period of 243 years from the entry into Egypt to the Exodus fits well with the generational turnover typically described in the Bible. This would span about 3 to 4 generations, consistent with the lifespans and family structures recorded.
Biblical Chronology:
The biblical records often describe long lifespans and generational overlaps, making 243 years a plausible duration for 3 to 4 generations.
Supporting Texts:
Exodus 6:16-20 details the generations from Levi to Moses, which can be mapped onto a timeline of 243 years more comfortably than 430 years, considering typical generational spans and lifespans.
Comparison with Modern Interpretations
Modern Interpretations of Exodus 12:40-41:
Modern interpretations often view the 430 years as the period of Israel’s sojourn in Egypt alone. This interpretation leads to a discrepancy in the number of generations and the plausibility of the timeline, given the typical generational spans.
Consistency with Biblical Events:
By interpreting the 430 years from Isaac’s circumcision to the Exodus, as supported by the Book of Jubilees, we find a more consistent and plausible timeline that aligns with other biblical events and prophecies.
Fulfillment of Promises to Abraham:
This interpretation aligns with the promises made to Abraham regarding his descendants and their eventual liberation, providing a coherent narrative that spans from the patriarchal period to the Exodus.
Modern Interpretations of Exodus 12:40-41:
Modern interpretations often view the 430 years as the period of Israel’s sojourn in Egypt alone. This interpretation leads to a discrepancy in the number of generations and the plausibility of the timeline, given the typical generational spans.
Consistency with Biblical Events:
By interpreting the 430 years from Isaac’s circumcision to the Exodus, as supported by the Book of Jubilees, we find a more consistent and plausible timeline that aligns with other biblical events and prophecies.
Fulfillment of Promises to Abraham:
This interpretation aligns with the promises made to Abraham regarding his descendants and their eventual liberation, providing a coherent narrative that spans from the patriarchal period to the Exodus.
Conclusion
The interpretation that the 430 years span from Isaac’s circumcision to the Exodus, as supported by the Book of Jubilees, offers a coherent and plausible timeline. This period includes the 243 years of Israel’s sojourn in Egypt, fitting well with the generational spans and the biblical chronology. This understanding aligns more closely with the structure and details provided in the biblical texts than the modern interpretation of a 430-year sojourn solely in Egypt, providing a compelling case for re-evaluating the traditional chronology.
Key Points from the Book of Jasher
Death of Levi:
According to the Book of Jasher, Levi, one of the sons of Jacob, lived for 137 years.
Levi was born before Jacob and his family moved to Egypt, and he lived for a significant period after the migration.
Generations in Egypt:
The Book of Jasher provides detailed accounts of the lifespans of the patriarchs and their descendants, which helps in understanding the generational turnover during the sojourn in Egypt.
Kohath, Amram, and Moses:
Levi's son, Kohath, was one of those who entered Egypt with Jacob. Kohath lived for 133 years.
Amram, the son of Kohath, lived for 137 years.
Moses, the son of Amram, was 80 years old at the time of the Exodus.
Death of Levi:
According to the Book of Jasher, Levi, one of the sons of Jacob, lived for 137 years.
Levi was born before Jacob and his family moved to Egypt, and he lived for a significant period after the migration.
Generations in Egypt:
The Book of Jasher provides detailed accounts of the lifespans of the patriarchs and their descendants, which helps in understanding the generational turnover during the sojourn in Egypt.
Kohath, Amram, and Moses:
Levi's son, Kohath, was one of those who entered Egypt with Jacob. Kohath lived for 133 years.
Amram, the son of Kohath, lived for 137 years.
Moses, the son of Amram, was 80 years old at the time of the Exodus.
Validation Through Generational Overlaps
Levi's Lifespan:
Levi was born approximately 50 years before the descent into Egypt.
Levi lived for another 87 years in Egypt (137 years total lifespan).
Kohath's Lifespan:
Kohath was born shortly after Levi entered Egypt.
Kohath lived 133 years, spanning a significant portion of the sojourn.
Amram's Lifespan:
Amram was born during Kohath's lifetime and lived for 137 years.
This means Amram was alive for a considerable portion of the time Kohath was alive, ensuring generational continuity.
Moses' Lifespan:
Moses was 80 years old at the time of the Exodus.
Levi's Lifespan:
Levi was born approximately 50 years before the descent into Egypt.
Levi lived for another 87 years in Egypt (137 years total lifespan).
Kohath's Lifespan:
Kohath was born shortly after Levi entered Egypt.
Kohath lived 133 years, spanning a significant portion of the sojourn.
Amram's Lifespan:
Amram was born during Kohath's lifetime and lived for 137 years.
This means Amram was alive for a considerable portion of the time Kohath was alive, ensuring generational continuity.
Moses' Lifespan:
Moses was 80 years old at the time of the Exodus.
Calculation Based on the Patriarchs' Lifespans
Levi's Entry to Kohath's Birth:
Levi lived 87 years after entering Egypt. If Kohath was born when Levi was approximately 50-60 years old, Kohath's life overlaps significantly with Levi's.
Kohath to Amram:
Kohath's 133 years would span both the late period of Levi's life and much of Amram's life. Amram was born towards the latter part of Kohath's life.
Amram to Moses:
Amram's 137 years would span into the period close to the Exodus, with Moses born when Amram was around 60 years old.
Levi's Entry to Kohath's Birth:
Levi lived 87 years after entering Egypt. If Kohath was born when Levi was approximately 50-60 years old, Kohath's life overlaps significantly with Levi's.
Kohath to Amram:
Kohath's 133 years would span both the late period of Levi's life and much of Amram's life. Amram was born towards the latter part of Kohath's life.
Amram to Moses:
Amram's 137 years would span into the period close to the Exodus, with Moses born when Amram was around 60 years old.
Generational Overlaps and Validation
Levi's Overlap with Kohath:
Levi lived 87 years in Egypt, allowing Kohath to be born early in the sojourn and live 133 years.
Kohath's Overlap with Amram:
Kohath's long life of 133 years overlaps with Amram's 137 years, creating a continuum.
Amram's Overlap with Moses:
Amram's lifespan ensures Moses is born and reaches 80 years by the time of the Exodus.
Levi's Overlap with Kohath:
Levi lived 87 years in Egypt, allowing Kohath to be born early in the sojourn and live 133 years.
Kohath's Overlap with Amram:
Kohath's long life of 133 years overlaps with Amram's 137 years, creating a continuum.
Amram's Overlap with Moses:
Amram's lifespan ensures Moses is born and reaches 80 years by the time of the Exodus.
Conclusion
The information about the deaths of the 12 patriarchs in the Book of Jasher provides a detailed account that supports a 243-year sojourn in Egypt. The generational overlaps between Levi, Kohath, Amram, and Moses ensure a continuous lineage that fits within the 243-year timeline. This aligns with the data from the Book of Jubilees and offers a plausible and consistent chronology that validates the shorter period of the sojourn in Egypt compared to the 430-year interpretation. This understanding fits more closely with the generational spans and biblical chronology, making the case for a more accurate timeline of Israel's sojourn in Egypt.
Defending the Book of Jubilees: A Comprehensive Approach
The Book of Jubilees offers a unique perspective on biblical chronology and history, providing detailed timelines and additional narratives that complement the canonical Bible. Here are several strategies to defend its significance and reliability:
1. Historical and Chronological Accuracy
a. Structured Timeline:
The Book of Jubilees divides history into jubilees (49-year cycles), offering a systematic approach to understanding the chronology of biblical events.
It provides a detailed account from Creation to the Exodus, filling in gaps and offering precise dates for significant events.
b. Cross-Referencing with the Bible:
Key events such as the circumcision of Isaac, the Exodus, and the timelines of the patriarchs can be cross-referenced with the Bible.
For example, the 430 years from Isaac's circumcision to the Exodus aligns with the biblical narrative and provides a coherent timeline that fits well with the generational data in the Bible.
2. Complementary Insights
a. Additional Details:
The Book of Jubilees includes additional details not found in the canonical texts, such as specific years for events and detailed genealogies.
These details offer a richer understanding of the early patriarchal period and the events leading to the Exodus.
b. Consistency with Other Ancient Texts:
The chronology and narratives in the Book of Jubilees can be compared with other ancient texts, such as the Book of Jasher, to validate its accuracy and consistency.
3. Theological Significance
a. Fulfillment of Prophecies:
The Book of Jubilees provides a framework for understanding the fulfillment of prophecies, such as the 430-year period and the events leading to the coming of the Messiah.
It helps to place significant events within the broader context of God's divine plan.
b. Covenantal Themes:
The book emphasizes the covenant between God and Abraham, extending through Isaac, Jacob, and the Israelites.
It highlights the importance of observing jubilees and sabbatical cycles, reinforcing the theological significance of these periods.
4. Scholarly Support and Recognition
a. Historical Value:
Scholars recognize the historical value of the Book of Jubilees in understanding Second Temple Judaism and the development of Jewish thought.
It provides insights into the beliefs, practices, and interpretations of the Jewish community during this period.
b. Textual Integrity:
The discovery of fragments of the Book of Jubilees among the Dead Sea Scrolls supports its antiquity and importance within the Jewish tradition.
The preservation and transmission of the text indicate its significance and respect within early Jewish communities.
5. Addressing Criticisms
a. Non-Canonical Status:
While the Book of Jubilees is not part of the canonical Bible for most Jewish and Christian traditions, it is recognized as authoritative in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
Its non-canonical status does not diminish its historical and theological value, as it offers complementary insights to the canonical texts.
b. Interpretative Differences:
Differences in interpretation between the Book of Jubilees and the canonical Bible can be seen as opportunities for deeper study and understanding.
Engaging with these differences allows for a more comprehensive exploration of biblical history and theology.
Conclusion
The best way to defend the Book of Jubilees is to emphasize its historical accuracy, complementary insights, theological significance, and scholarly recognition. By cross-referencing its chronology with the Bible and other ancient texts, highlighting its role in fulfilling prophecies and covenantal themes, and addressing criticisms constructively, one can present a strong case for the value and importance of the Book of Jubilees in understanding biblical history and theology.
Defending the Book of Jubilees: A Comprehensive Approach
The Book of Jubilees offers a unique perspective on biblical chronology and history, providing detailed timelines and additional narratives that complement the canonical Bible. Here are several strategies to defend its significance and reliability:
1. Historical and Chronological Accuracy
a. Structured Timeline:
The Book of Jubilees divides history into jubilees (49-year cycles), offering a systematic approach to understanding the chronology of biblical events.
It provides a detailed account from Creation to the Exodus, filling in gaps and offering precise dates for significant events.
b. Cross-Referencing with the Bible:
Key events such as the circumcision of Isaac, the Exodus, and the timelines of the patriarchs can be cross-referenced with the Bible.
For example, the 430 years from Isaac's circumcision to the Exodus aligns with the biblical narrative and provides a coherent timeline that fits well with the generational data in the Bible.
Solomon's First Year as King:
Solomon's reign began in the Jubilee year 2935.
This serves as a pivotal date for aligning subsequent events and understanding the division of the united monarchy and the construction of the First Temple.
Zerubbabel's Temple:
Zerubbabel's Temple was completed around 3368.5, which can be interpreted as 433 or 434 during Solomon’s first year, and the final year of King Zedekiah.
This period signifies the 62 weeks of years mentioned in the prophecy of Daniel 9.
Adding 49 years or 7 weeks of years AKA (one Jubilee cycle) to this, brings us to 3417, believed to be the birth year of the Messiah.
2. Complementary Insights
a. Additional Details:
The Book of Jubilees includes additional details not found in the canonical texts, such as specific years for events and detailed genealogies.
These details offer a richer understanding of the early patriarchal period and the events leading to the Exodus.
b. Consistency with Other Ancient Texts:
The chronology and narratives in the Book of Jubilees can be compared with other ancient texts, such as the Book of Jasher, to validate its accuracy and consistency.
3. Theological Significance
a. Fulfillment of Prophecies:
The Book of Jubilees provides a framework for understanding the fulfillment of prophecies, such as the 430-year period and the events leading to the coming of the Messiah.
The period from Solomon’s first year as King to Zerubbabel’s Temple aligns with the prophecy of 62 weeks of years in Daniel 9.
Adding 49 years to 3368.5 brings us to 3417, believed to be the birth year of the Messiah, showing the interconnectedness of these events within the Jubilee framework.
b. Covenantal Themes:
The book emphasizes the covenant between God and Abraham, extending through Isaac, Jacob, and the Israelites.
It highlights the importance of observing jubilees and sabbatical cycles, reinforcing the theological significance of these periods.
4. Scholarly Support and Recognition
a. Historical Value:
Scholars recognize the historical value of the Book of Jubilees in understanding Second Temple Judaism and the development of Jewish thought.
It provides insights into the beliefs, practices, and interpretations of the Hebrew community during this period.
b. Textual Integrity:
The discovery of fragments of the Book of Jubilees among the Dead Sea Scrolls supports its antiquity and importance within the Jewish tradition.
The preservation and transmission of the text indicate its significance and respect within early Jewish communities.
5. Addressing Criticisms
a. Non-Canonical Status:
While the Book of Jubilees is not part of the canonical Bible for most Jewish and Christian traditions, it is recognized as authoritative in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
Its non-canonical status does not diminish its historical, chronological, and theological value, as it offers complementary insights to the canonical texts.
b. Interpretative Differences:
Differences in interpretation between the Book of Jubilees and the canonical Bible can be seen as opportunities for deeper study and understanding.
Engaging with these differences allows for a more comprehensive exploration of biblical history and theology.
The Seventy Weeks
Biblical Text:
Dan 9:24: "Seventy weeks (490 years) are determined for the people and the holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make atonement for iniquity, and to bring everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and the prophet, and to anoint the Holy of Holies."
Dan 9:25: "Know and understand, that from the going forth of the word to return and to build Yerushalayim until Mashiach the Prince is seven weeks (49 years); and threescore and two weeks (434 years); diligently building the wide street in times of distress."
Explanation and Timeline:
434 Years from Solomon's First Year to Zedekiah’s Final Year:
From 2935 AM (Solomon's first year) to 3368 AM (Zedekiah’s final year) spans 433 or 434 years.
This period aligns with the "threescore and two weeks" (62 weeks of years) mentioned in Daniel 9:25.
Adding 49 Years (One Jubilee Cycle):
Adding 49 years (7 weeks) to 3368 brings us to 3417 AM, which is believed to be the birth year of the Messiah.
The Ministry of the Messiah:
The 30th year of the Messiah's life falls in 3447 AM.
The three years of His ministry are 3448, 3449, and 3450, culminating in the 69th Jubilee celebratory year.
The crucifixion and resurrection occur at the end of 3450 AM, leading into the first year, in the first week of the 70th Jubilee cycle.
434 Years from Solomon's First Year to Zedekiah’s Final Year:
From 2935 AM (Solomon's first year) to 3368 AM (Zedekiah’s final year) spans 433 or 434 years.
This period aligns with the "threescore and two weeks" (62 weeks of years) mentioned in Daniel 9:25.
Adding 49 Years (One Jubilee Cycle):
Adding 49 years (7 weeks) to 3368 brings us to 3417 AM, which is believed to be the birth year of the Messiah.
The Ministry of the Messiah:
The 30th year of the Messiah's life falls in 3447 AM.
The three years of His ministry are 3448, 3449, and 3450, culminating in the 69th Jubilee celebratory year.
The crucifixion and resurrection occur at the end of 3450 AM, leading into the first year, in the first week of the 70th Jubilee cycle.
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